Contents of this page:
Articles Available on the Web
Book Chapters
Selected Additional Publications

Articles Available on the Web
All interactions magazine articles are posted with the permission of ACM.

Dray, S., Siegel, D., Feldman, E., & Potenza, M. "Why do Version 1.0 and not release it?" Conducting Field Trials of the Tablet PC. interactions, 9[2], 11 - 16, March/April, 2002.
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Dray, S. Unique challenges, familiar issues: Sharing lessons learned to help HCI in the new South Africa. Keynote speech delivered at CHI-South Africa conference, Pretoria, September, 2001.
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Siegel, D. & Dray, S. New Kid on the Block: Marketing organizations and interaction design. interactions, 8[2], 19 - 24, March/April, 2001.
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Dray, S. Thoughts from 35,000 feet: The evolving real-world context of user centered design. interactions, 7[3] 21 - 26 May/June 2000.
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Dray, S., & Siegel, D. Penny-wise, pound-wise: making intelligent trade-offs in planning usability studies. interactions, 6[3], 25-30, May/June, 1999.
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Dray, S., & Siegel, D. User-Centered Design and the "Vision Thing". interactions, 5[2], 16-20, March, 1998.
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Millen, D. & Dray, S. Job transformation in the age of the Net. interactions, 4[2], 13-18, March, 1997.
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Dray, S. Designing for the rest of the world: A consultant's observations. interactions, 3(2), 15-18, March, 1996.
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Dray, S. The importance of designing usable systems. interactions, 2(1), 17-20, January, 1995.
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Millen, D., Schriefer, A., Lehder, D. & Dray, S. Mind maps and causal models: Using graphical representations of field research data. Paper presented at CHI '97, Atlanta, GA (short paper program)
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Book Chapters

Dray, S. & Rowland, L. 'Round the world in 18 days: Learnings from an international usability tour. In L. Trenner, Ed. The Politics of Usability. New York: Springer, 1998.

Dray, S. & Mrazek, D. A day in the life of a family: An international ethnographic study. In D. Wixon & J. Ramey, Eds. Field Methods Casebook for Software Design . New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

Dray, S. & Mrazek, D. "A day in the life:" Studying context across cultures. In J. Nielsen & E. del Galdo, Eds. International User Interfaces. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

Dray, S. & Karat, C-M. Human Factors cost-justification in an internal development organization. In R. Bias & D. Mayhew, eds. Cost-justifying Usability, Academic Press, 1994, pp. 111-122.

Robertson, M. & Dray, S. Linking perspectives: Using Macroergonomics to make technology work in organizations. In K. Noro & A. Imada, eds. Participatory Ergonomics, New York, Taylor & Francis, 1991, pp. 181-193.

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Selected Additional Publications

Dray, S. & Siegel, D. The Past Recaptured: In Search of Lost Paradigms. Behaviour and Information Technology, 20th Anniversary Issue, 20[5], 315 - 321. September-October, 2001.

Dray, S. & Siegel, D. Multicultural Ethnographic Methods in HCI. Paper presented at CHI-South Africa conference, Pretoria, September, 2001.

Dray, S. Structured observation. Tutorial presented at CHI-SA (Pretoria, South Africa), CHI 2001 (Seattle, WA), CHI 2000 (The Hague, Netherlands), CHI 99 (Pittsburgh, PA), CHI 98 (Los Angeles, CA), CHI '97 (Atlanta, GA), CHI '96 (Vancouver, BC) and other venues.

Dray, S. Usable for the world. Tutorial presented at IWIPS 2001 (Milton Keynes, UK), CHI 2001 (Seattle, WA) and TorCHI (Toronto)

Dray, S. & Siegel, D. The Art of Seeing: Observational techniques for learning about users and their work. Tutorial presented at Usability Professionals Association conference, Las Vegas, June, 2001.

Frohlich, D., Dray, S. & Silverman, A. Breaking up is hard to do: Family perspectives on the future of the home PC. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 54[5], May 2001.

Dray, S. Usability through user-centered design of medical devices: Practical steps for device designers. Presentation at Biomedical Focus '98, Minneapolis, MN, July 1998.

Dray, S., Jamar, P., Bayer, N., & Gardner-Bonneau, D. How Human Factors issues affect the design of medical devices. Panel session presented at MD&M '97, Minneapolis, MN, November, 1997.

Dray, S. & Siegel, D. Technology and the diffusion of community. Paper presented at the 13th Triennial Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Tampere, Finland, July, 1997.

Dray, S. & Siegel, D. Putting the "user" in medical device user interface design. Paper presented at MD&M '96, Minneapolis, MN, October, 1996.

Dray, S. & Siegel, D. Negotiating the organizational factors in technical consulting. Paper presented at the 5th International Symposium on Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management, Breckenridge, Colorado, July, 1996.

Karat, J., Atwood, M., Dray, S., Rantzer, M., & Wixon, D. User centered design: quality or quackery? Panel presented at CHI'96: Human Factors in Computer Systems Conference, Vancouver, B.C., April, 1996.

Dray, S. Global Goes GUI: A case study of the introduction of user-centered design. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, San Diego, CA, 1995, pp 844-848.

Mrazek, D., Dray, S., and Dyer, N. Studying "A day in the life" of a family: Making a major research project happen. Paper presented at the European Society for Opinion and Marketing Research (ESOMAR) 48th Market Research Congress , The Hague, The Netherlands, September, 1995 and published in the proceedings, p. 353-359.

Dray, S. & Mrazek, D. Usability maturity metrics: How do you know when you're getting there (and what does "there" look like?) Paper presented at Usability Professionals Association meeting, Portland, ME, July, 1995.

Dray, S. Minimizing organizational risks of Client/Server technology. Speech at the Association for Systems Management, Twin Cities Chapter, Minneapolis, MN, January, 1995.

Dray, S. Dealing with GUI messes: Applying Human Factors to the design of the user interface. Speech presented at the Twin Cities ACM, Minneapolis, MN, November, 1994.

Dray, S. & Caldwell, B. Tools for the user-centered design toolbox. Tutorial presented at the 38th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Nashville, TN, October, 1994.

Dray, S., Bagnara, S., Harker, S., Shanavaz, H., & Stewart, T. Helping the shoe to fit: Designing computer technology for different cultures. Panel presented at the 4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management, Stockholm, Sweden, May, 1994.

Cole, E., Dehdashti, P., Petti, L., Angert, M., & Dray, S. Participatory design with cognitively impaired users: The insight of brain injury patients designing prosthetic software. Paper presented at the 4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management, Stockholm, Sweden, May, 1994.

Cole, E., Dehdashti, P., Petti, L., Angert, M., & Dray, S. Organizational factors influencing the design of a technology-based therapy: A multidisciplinary approach. Paper presented at the 4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management, Stockholm, Sweden, May, 1994.

Dray, S. Taming the "Sticky" GUI: New Roles for Technical Communicators. Paper presented at The Society for Technical Communication Annual Meeting, Minneapolis, May, 1994.

Dray, S. Minimizing organizational risks of technological change. Tutorial presented at CHI'94: Human Factors in Computer Systems Conference, Boston, MA, April, 1994.

Dray, S. Applying Human Factors to the design of graphical user interfaces. Speech presented at IEEE Computer Group Technical Conference, Minneapolis, MN, March, 1994.

Dray, S. Making the leap to client/server: Minimizing organizational risks of technological change. Speech presented to the Data Processing Managers Association, Minneapolis, MN, February, 1994.

Dray, S. Beyond software testing: Practical methods to evaluate usability. Speech presented at the Minnesota Joint Computer Conference, Minneapolis, MN, January, 1994.

Dayton, T., Dray, S., Mrazek, D., Muckler, F., & Rafeld, M. Making Human Factors usable. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seattle, WA, 1993, pp. 863-866.

Hedge, A., Cornell, P., O'Neill, M., & Dray, S. The "Big Picture" in office design. Proceedings of the 37th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, Seattle, WA, 1993, pp. 474-478.

Dray, S. The "intuitive" GUI? Why software usability evaluation is more important than ever. Speech presented to PowerBuilders Users Group, Minneapolis, MN, September, 1993.

Dray, S. The changing role of the IT professional: New skills for new technology challenges. Speech presented to Cargill SHARE-IT, Minneapolis, MN, September, 1993.

Dray, S. Usability testing for the enterprise: Champagne testing on a beer budget. Speech presented at Seybold Windows Solutions Conference, Santa Clara, CA, September,1993.

Dray, S. Technological change: Minimizing the organizational risks. Speech presented to The Koehn Institute, University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh, WI, July, 1993.

Dray, S. Macro-ergo-WHAT? Everything you wanted to know about Macroergonomics, but were too polite to ask. Speech presented to Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Student Chapter, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI., March, 1993.

Albin, T., Dray, S., Larson, N., Nagamachi, M., & Neese, R. Scenes from the front line: Implementing ergonomics in organizations. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, Atlanta, GA, 1992, p. 875

Eoyang, G. & Dray, S. "It's not supposed to work that way!": Applying chaos science to work in organizations. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, Atlanta, GA, 1992, pp. 848-850.

Dray, S., & George, D. Looking back for the future: Learnings about user-centered design. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, Atlanta, GA, 1992, pp. 872-874.

Eoyang, G. & Dray, S. Chaos Science: Introduction and applications. Work with Display Units (WWDU'92), Berlin, Germany, September, 1992.

Taylor, B., Dray, S., Harker, S., Leverich, B., & Stewart, T. Making Human Factors work in organisations. Special Interest Group presented at CHI'92: Human Factors in Computing Systems, Monterey, CA, May, 1992.

Dray, S. "Usability: What is it and why should we care?" Presented at the Minnesota Joint Computer Conference, Minneapolis, MN, February, 1992.

Dray, S. Informating the office: Applying what we have learned from computer integrated manufacturing to the design of office technology. In Y. Quéinnec & F. Daniellou, eds., Designing for Everyone. New York: Taylor & Francis, 1991, pp. 1205-1206.

Eoyang, G. & Dray, S. "Why is all this weird stuff happening? ": Applying chaos theory to macroergonomics. In Y. Quéinnec & F. Daniellou, eds., Designing for Everyone. New York: Taylor & Francis, 1991, pp. 1190-1192.

Bradley, G., Dray, S., Harker, S., Monod, E., & Robertson, M. "Greater than the sum of the parts": Facilitating cross-cultural diversity in the technology change process. Panel presented (in French) at the 11th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Paris, France, July, 1991.

Bias, R., Mayhew, D., Karat, C-M., O'Neal, P., Laird, J., & Dray, S.M. Cost-justifying Human Factors support. Proceedings of 34th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, Orlando, FL, 1990, pp. 832-833.

Nielsen, J., Dray, S., Foley, J., Walsh, P., & Wright, P., Usability engineering on a budget. In D. Diaper, D. Gilmore, G. Cockton, & B. Shackel, eds., Human-Computer Interaction-- INTERACT'90, New York: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland), 1990, pp. 1067-1070.

Dray, S. "Through the user's eyes: Practical methods to get user input in system design and development", Session at Association for Women in Computing 9th Annual Technical Conference, April, 1990.

Dray, S. "No more paper airplanes: A changing role for the logistics professional in the paperless environment." Presented at Council for Logistics Management Roundtable, March, 1990.

Dray, S.M., Davis-Coury, L., Hedge, A., Imada, A., McGee, J., Robertson, M.,& Wilson, J. Recycling "ergonomic" tools for "macroergonomic" use. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, Denver, CO, 1989, p. 830.

Dray, S. "Office Ergonomics" Noontime seminar presented at St. Thomas College Minneapolis campus, March, 1989.

Dray, S. M. From Tier to Peer: Organizational Adaptation to new computing architectures, Ergonomics, 1988, 31(5), 721-725. Also presented as Plenary address at the 10th Congress International Ergonomics Association, Sydney, Australia, August, 1988.

Robertson, M. & Dray, S.M. Office automation in America: A systems perspective. In A.S. Adams, R.R. Hall, B.J. McPhee, & M.S. Oxenburgh, eds., Ergonomics International'88, Sydney: Ergonomics Society of Australia, Inc., 1988, pp. 732-734.

Larson, A.D. & Dray,, S.M. Technology driven change. HLSUA ForumXLV, New Orleans, LA, October, 1987.

Dray, S. "Managing technology means managing change." Speech for AEtna Business Briefing (national teleconference for AEtna Life and Casualty Co.), September, 1987.

Dray, S.M. Getting the baby into the bathwater: Putting organizational planning into the systems design process. In H.-J. Bullinger & B. Shackel, eds., Human-Computer Interaction -- INTERACT'87, New York: North Holland B.V., 1987, pp. 793-797.

Dray, S.M., Harker, S., Monod, E., Mumford, E., & Westlander, G. Innovative approaches to information technology design and implementation: Case studies from both sides of the Atlantic. Panel presented at INTERACT'87, Stuttgart, F.R.G., September, 1987.

Dray, S. Avoiding the big bad wolf: Proactively managing the people issues in technology introduction. Paper presented to The Automation Forum, The Pennsylvania State University, February, 1987.

Dray, S.M. & Monod, E. The new "Internationalism" in Macroergonomics. In O. Brown & H.W. Hendrick, eds., Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management, New York: North-Holland, 1986, pp. 499-503.

Dray, S.M., Moen, C.E., & Bowman, B.L. "There is nothing so practical as a good theory": Moving from theory to practice in Macroergonomics. Panel presented at the 2nd International Conference on Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, August, 1986.

Gallaway, G.R., Hendrick & Dray, S.M. Changing information technology's impact on organizational design and management. Panel presented at the International Scientific Conference in Working with Visual Display Units. Stockholm, Sweden, May, 1986.

Assunto, K., Baker, W., Dray, S., Pew, R., & Taylor, J. Socio-tech: What is it (and why should we care)? In M. Mantei & P. Orbeton, eds., Proceedings of CHI'86: Human Factors in Computing Systems, New York: ACM Press, 1986, pp. 129-130.

Dray, S.M. In your wildest dreams: Balancing people, technology and change. Videotape on technology change prepared for internal (and external) distribution, March, 1986.

Dray, S.M., Eason, K., Gower, J., and Henderson, D.A. Macroergonomics in Organizations. In I.D. Brown, R. Goldsmith, K. Coombes, & M.A. Sinclair, eds., Ergonomics International (Proceedings of the 9th Congress of the International Ergonomics Association, Bournemouth, England, September, 1985), Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis, 1985, pp. 520-531.

Dray, S.M., Henderson, D.A., Hendrick, H.W., & Sen, T. Building bridges: Implementing computer technology in organizations. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, Baltimore, MD, October, 1985, p. 1065

Dray, S.M. & Yelsey, A. Report on the Impacts of information and communication technology on Honeywell's corporate culture. Internal White Paper, Corporate Information Management, May, 1985.

Dray, S.M. & Moen, C.E. Macroergonomics and the computer professional: What you need to know about the "Third Generation" in Human Factors. 9th Annual Honeywell International Software Conference, Bloomington, MN, May, 1985.

Dray, S. "Why Ergonomics (Ergo-What?)", Speech to The National Conference on People, Organizations and Productivity, Washington, D.C., December, 1984.

Dray, S. "Macroergonomics and Fifth generation of computing: A marriage of necessity", Colloquium presented at Northeastern University College of Computer Science, Boston, MA, October, 1984.

Brown, O., Jr., Coy, B., Dray, S.M., Emmons, W.H., Neal, A.S., Wichansky, A.M., & Cornell, P.T. Organization and management of ergonomics in diverse organizations. In H. Hendrick & O. Brown, Jr., eds., Human Factors in Organizational Design and Management, North-Holland, N.Y., 1984, pp. 279-283.

Prem, D.C. & Dray, S.M. Teleconferencing at Honeywell. in Teleconferencing and Electronic Communications, Volume II, University of Wisconsin-Extension Press, 1983, pp.73-81.

Dray, S. "Human Factors: Making it easier to make life easier for the end user" Speech presented at 7th Annual Honeywell International Software Conference, May, 1983 (voted "Best Paper" by attendees).

Dray, S.M., Montag, T., & Taylor, D. The Right Angle. Videotape on office ergonomics, prepared for internal distribution, March, 1983.

Ray, L., Lenorovitz, D., Didner, B., Dray, S., Green, P., Kornfeld, J., Ramsey, R., Atwood, M. Future directions in HF and computer systems: A meeting report. Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, Norfolk, VA, 1983, p. 51.

Dray, S.M. and Thomas, E. Right from the Start. Brochure on office ergonomics prepared for internal (and external) distribution, December, 1983.

Dray, S.M. Ergonomic recommendations for terminal stands. Proprietary Honeywell report, Corporate Information Management, December, 1983.

Dray, S. "Women in Technology", American Association of University Women, local chapter meeting, November, 1982.

Dray, S.M. VDT's-- The current controversy. Proprietary Honeywell White Paper, Corporate Information Management, October, 1982.

Dray, S.M. Ergo-What? Information Management Bulletin, 1982, 1(2), 2.

Eberts, R., Smith, D., Dray, S. & Vestewig, R. A practical guide to measuring transfer from training devices to weapon systems. Final report, Contract No. MDA 903-81-C-0214, Honeywell Systems and Research Center, Minneapolis, MN, August, 1982.

Dray, S. "Human Factors", NSF-sponsored Conference on Women in Science, Gustavus Adolphus College, St. Peter, MN, April, 1982.

Bremer, C. & Dray, S.M. Home control center user tests. Proprietary Honeywell Report, Residential Division, May, 1981.

Dray, S.M., Ogden, W.C., & Vestewig, R. Measuring and predicting performance with a menu-selection human-computer interface. Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, Rochester, N.Y., 1981, pp. 746-748.

Hollingsworth, S.R. & Dray, S.M. Implications of post-stimulus cueing of response options for the design of function keyboards. Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, Rochester, N.Y., 1981., pp. 263-264.

Levitan, L. & Dray, S.M. Carrier-based I-level maintenance using ATE: A report on information from the U.S.S. Nimitz (CVN68) as it relates to advanced ATE concepts. Proprietary Honeywell Report, Systems and Research Center, Minneapolis, MN, December, 1980.

Dray, S.M. & Vestewig, R.E. Phase II -- H3500 embedded aiding and training development. Proprietary Honeywell Report, Systems and Research Center, Minneapolis, MN, December, 1980.

Dray, S.M. & Wingert, J.W. Stand-off target acquisition system (SOTAS) Trade-off studies. Contract No. DAABO 78-C-2947, Honeywell Systems & Research Center, Minneapolis, MN, October, 1980.

Wald, J.D., Modrick, J.A., Maskery, H.S., Hoffman, J.A., & Dray, S.M. User characteristics and their EUF implications. 80-SRC-49, Honeywell Systems & Research Center, Minneapolis, MN, June, 1980.

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